Mun daɗe muna marmarin samun duniya mai launi tun yara.Hatta kalmomin “masu kala-kala” da “masu kalau” ana yawan amfani da su wajen siffanta almara.
Wannan son launi na halitta yana sa iyaye da yawa su ɗauki zane a matsayin babban abin sha'awa na 'ya'yansu.Ko da yake ƙananan yara suna son zane-zane, ƙananan yara za su iya tsayayya da fara'a na kwalin fenti mai kyau.
Lemon rawaya, orange yellow, mai haske ja, ciyayi kore, zaitun, cikakke launin ruwan kasa, ocher, cobalt blue, ultramarine... wadannan kyawawan launuka kamar bakan gizo taba, wanda a cikin rashin sani ya sace ran yara.
Mutane masu hankali na iya gano cewa sunayen waɗannan launuka galibi kalmomi ne na siffantawa, kamar ciyawar ciyawa da jajayen fure.Duk da haka, akwai wasu abubuwa kamar "ochre" waɗanda talakawa ba za su iya fahimta ba.
Idan kun san tarihin wasu launuka, za ku ga cewa an fi samun irin waɗannan launukan da aka shafe a cikin dogon kogin lokaci.Bayan kowane launi akwai labari mai kura.
Na dogon lokaci, pigments na ɗan adam ba zai iya kwatanta kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na wannan duniya mai launi ba.
A duk lokacin da sabon launi ya bayyana, launin da yake nunawa ana ba shi sabon suna.
Alamomin farko sun fito ne daga ma'adanai na halitta, kuma yawancinsu sun fito ne daga ƙasa da aka samar a wurare na musamman.
An dade ana amfani da foda ocher tare da babban ƙarfe a matsayin launi, kuma launin ruwan ja da yake nunawa ana kiransa launin ocher.
A farkon karni na huɗu BC, Masarawa na dā sun ƙware da ikon yin pigments.Sun san yadda ake amfani da ma'adanai irin su malachite, turquoise da cinnabar, a nika su a wanke su da ruwa don inganta tsaftar launi.
A lokaci guda, Masarawa na dā kuma suna da kyakkyawar fasahar rini na shuka.Wannan ya baiwa Masar ta d ¯ a damar zana ɗimbin launuka masu launuka masu haske da haske.
Domin dubban shekaru, ci gaban pigments na ɗan adam ya kasance ta hanyar binciken sa'a.Don inganta yiwuwar irin wannan sa'a, mutane sun yi yunƙuri masu ban mamaki da yawa kuma sun ƙirƙiri wani nau'i na kyawawan launi da dyes.
Kusan 48 BC, Kaisar mai girma ya ga wani nau'in fatalwa mai launin shuɗi a Masar, kuma kusan nan take ya burge shi.Ya dawo da wannan launi, wanda ake kira kashi katantanwa purple, ya koma Roma kuma ya mai da shi keɓantaccen launi na gidan sarautar Romawa.
Tun daga nan, shunayya ya zama alamar daraja.Saboda haka, tsararraki na baya suna amfani da kalmar nan “haifa da shunayya” don kwatanta asalin iyalinsu.Duk da haka, tsarin samar da irin wannan nau'in katantanwa na katantanwa mai launin shuɗi za a iya kira shi aiki mai ban mamaki.
A jika katantan katantanwa da tokar itace a cikin bokitin da ke cike da rubabben fitsari.Bayan an daɗe a tsaye, ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar gill gland na katantan katantan zai canza kuma ya samar da wani abu mai suna ammonium purpurite a yau, yana nuna launin shuɗi mai shuɗi.
Tsarin tsari na ammonium purpurite
Fitowar wannan hanya kadan ne.Yana iya samar da ƙasa da 15 ml na rini a kowace katantanwa kashi 250000, kawai ya isa ya rina rigar Roman.
Bugu da ƙari, saboda tsarin samar da wari, wannan rini ba za a iya yin shi ba ne kawai a bayan gari.Hatta tufafin da aka shirya na ƙarshe suna ba da wani ɗanɗano na musamman da ba za a iya misalta su ba duk shekara, watakila "dandan sarauta ne".
Babu launuka da yawa kamar kashi katantanwa purple.A zamanin da mummy foda ta fara shahara a matsayin magani sannan ta shahara a matsayin pigment, an sake kirkiro wani launi wanda shima yana da alaka da fitsari.
Wani nau'i ne na rawaya mai kyau kuma mai haske, wanda aka dade da iska da rana.Ana kiransa rawaya Indiya.
Katantanwa na kashi don samar da rini na musamman na sarauta purple
Danyen abu don rawaya na Indiya
Kamar yadda sunansa ke nunawa, wani siffa ce mai ban mamaki daga Indiya, wanda aka ce ana hako shi daga fitsarin saniya.
Ana ciyar da waɗannan shanun ganyen mangwaro da ruwa kawai, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki mai tsanani, kuma fitsarin yana ɗauke da sinadarai na musamman masu launin rawaya.
An yi wa Turner ba'a don samun wahayi daga jaundice saboda ya fi son yin amfani da rawaya na Indiya
Waɗannan baƙin alade da rini sun mamaye duniyar fasaha na dogon lokaci.Ba wai kawai suna cutar da mutane da dabbobi ba, har ma suna da ƙarancin samarwa da tsada.Alal misali, a cikin Renaissance, ƙungiyar cyan an yi ta da lapis lazuli foda, kuma farashinsa ya ninka na zinariya sau biyar.
Tare da haɓakar abubuwan fashewa na kimiyya da fasaha na ɗan adam, pigments kuma suna buƙatar babban juyin juya hali.Duk da haka, wannan babban juyin juya hali ya bar mummunan rauni.
Fararen gubar wani launi ne da ba kasafai ba a duniya wanda zai iya barin tabo kan wayewa da yankuna daban-daban.A ƙarni na huɗu BC, Girkawa na dā sun ƙware hanyar sarrafa farin gubar.
Farin Gubar
Yawancin lokaci, sandunan gubar da yawa ana tara su a cikin vinegar ko najasar dabba kuma a sanya su a cikin rufaffiyar wuri na tsawon watanni da yawa.Ƙarshe na asali na gubar carbonate shine farin gubar.
Fararen gubar da aka shirya yana ba da cikakkiyar launi mai kauri da kauri, wanda ake ɗaukar ɗayan mafi kyawun launuka.
Duk da haka, farin gubar ba kawai yana da haske a cikin zane-zane ba.Matan Romawa, geisha na Japan da kuma matan China duk suna amfani da farin gubar don shafa musu fuska.Yayin da suke rufe lahanin fuska, suna kuma samun baƙar fata, ruɓaɓɓen hakora da hayaki.A lokaci guda, zai haifar da vasospasm, lalacewar koda, ciwon kai, amai, gudawa, coma da sauran alamomi.
Tun asali, sarauniya Elizabeth mai duhu ta sha fama da gubar dalma
Irin wannan alamomin kuma suna bayyana akan masu fenti.Mutane sukan yi la'akari da ciwon da ba za a iya bayyana shi ba a kan masu zane-zane a matsayin "mai zanen colic".Amma ƙarni sun shuɗe, kuma mutane ba su gane cewa waɗannan abubuwan ban mamaki sun fito ne daga launukan da suka fi so.
Fararen gubar a fuskar mace ba zai iya zama mafi dacewa ba
Fararen gubar kuma ya sami ƙarin launuka a cikin wannan juyin juya halin launi.
Yellow chrome wanda Van Gogh ya fi so shine wani fili na gubar, chromate gubar.Wannan launin rawaya ya fi haske fiye da rawaya na Indiya mai banƙyama, amma yana da rahusa.
Hoton Van Gogh
Kamar farar dalma, gubar da ke cikinta tana shiga jikin mutum cikin sauki kuma ta koma kamar sinadarin calcium, wanda hakan ke haifar da wasu cututtuka kamar nakasar tsarin jijiya.
Dalilin da ya sa Van Gogh, wanda ke son chrome yellow da kuma kauri shafi, ya dade yana fama da tabin hankali na rashin lafiya mai yiwuwa ne saboda "gudumar" na chrome yellow.
Wani samfur na juyin juya halin launi ba "ba'a sani ba" kamar ruwan gubar farin chrome.Yana iya farawa da Napoleon.Bayan yakin Waterloo, Napoleon ya sanar da murabus dinsa, kuma Birtaniya sun kwashe shi zuwa St. Helena.Bayan da ya yi kasa da shekaru shida a tsibirin, Napoleon ya mutu a ban mamaki, kuma dalilan mutuwarsa sun bambanta.
A cewar rahoton binciken gawar dan Birtaniya, Napoleon ya mutu ne sakamakon wani mummunan ciwon ciki, amma wasu bincike sun gano cewa gashin Napoleon na dauke da sinadarin arsenic mai yawa.
Abubuwan arsenic da aka gano a cikin samfuran gashi da yawa na shekaru daban-daban shine sau 10 zuwa 100 na al'ada.Saboda haka, wasu mutane sun gaskata cewa Napoleon ya kasance guba kuma an tsara shi har ya mutu.
Amma gaskiyar lamarin yana da ban mamaki.Yawan arsenic a jikin Napoleon ya fito ne daga koren fenti a fuskar bangon waya.
Fiye da shekaru 200 da suka wuce, shahararren masanin kimiyyar Sweden Scheler ya ƙirƙira wani launi mai haske.Irin wannan kore ba za a taɓa mantawa da kallo ba.Ya yi nisa da kasancewa tare da waɗannan koren pigments da aka yi da kayan halitta.Wannan "Scheler green" ya haifar da jin dadi da zarar an saka shi a kasuwa saboda ƙananan farashi.Ba wai kawai ya ci nasara ba da yawa koren pigments, amma kuma ya ci kasuwar abinci a wani bugun jini.
An ce wasu mutane sun yi amfani da Scheler kore don rina abincin a wurin liyafa, wanda kai tsaye ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar baki uku.Shiller green ana amfani da shi sosai daga yan kasuwa a cikin sabulu, kayan ado na cake, kayan wasa, alewa da sutura, kuma ba shakka, kayan ado na bangon waya.Na ɗan lokaci, komai daga fasaha zuwa kayan masarufi na yau da kullun yana kewaye da koren kore, gami da ɗakin kwana da gidan wanka na Napoleon.
An ce an ɗauko wannan bangon bangon daga ɗakin kwana na Napoleon
Bangaren Scheler kore shine jan karfe arsenite, wanda arsenic trivalent yana da guba sosai.Gudun hijira na Napoleon yana da yanayi mai ɗanɗano kuma ya yi amfani da fuskar bangon waya Scheler, wanda ya fitar da adadi mai yawa na arsenic.An ce ba za a taba samun kwari a cikin koren dakin ba, watakila saboda wannan dalili.Ba zato ba tsammani, Scheler kore daga baya Paris green, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi arsenic, daga ƙarshe ya zama maganin kashe kwari.Bugu da kari, daga baya aka yi amfani da wadannan arsenic mai dauke da sinadarai don magance cutar syphilis, wanda har zuwa wani lokaci ya karfafa ilimin chemotherapy.
Paul Ellis, mahaifin chemotherapy
Cupreoranite
Bayan haramcin Scheler kore, akwai wani kore mai ban tsoro a cikin fage.Idan ana maganar samar da wannan danyen kore, mutanen zamani za su iya danganta shi da bama-bamai da bama-bamai, saboda sinadarin uranium.Mutane da yawa ba sa tunanin cewa nau'in nau'in uranium tama za a iya cewa yana da kyau, wanda aka sani da furen duniya.
Farkon hakar uranium kuma shine don ƙara shi a gilashi azaman toner.Gilashin da aka yi ta wannan hanya yana da haske koren haske kuma yana da kyau sosai.
Gilashin uranium yana walƙiya kore ƙarƙashin fitilar ultraviolet
Orange yellow uranium oxide foda
Oxide na uranium yana da haske orange ja, wanda kuma aka kara da yumbu kayayyakin a matsayin toner.Kafin yakin duniya na biyu, waɗannan "cike da makamashi" kayayyakin uranium har yanzu suna ko'ina.Sai da aka bunkasa masana'antar nukiliyar kasar Amurka ta fara takaita amfani da sinadarin Uranium na farar hula.Koyaya, a cikin 1958, Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Amurka ta sassauta takunkumin, kuma ƙarancin uranium ya sake bayyana a masana'antar yumbu da masana'antar gilashi.
Daga yanayi zuwa hakar, daga samarwa zuwa hadawa, tarihin ci gaban pigments kuma shine tarihin ci gaban masana'antar sinadarai na ɗan adam.Duk abubuwan ban mamaki a cikin wannan tarihin an rubuta su a cikin sunayen waɗannan launuka.
Kasusuwan katantanwa shunayya, rawaya na Indiya, Farin gubar, rawaya Chrome, kore Scheler, Koren Uranium, orange Uranium.
Kowanne sawun da aka bari akan hanyar wayewar dan adam.Wasu sun tsaya tsayin daka, amma wasu ba su da zurfi.Ta hanyar tunawa da waɗannan karkatattun hanyoyi ne kawai za mu iya samun madaidaiciyar hanya madaidaiciya.
Lokacin aikawa: Oktoba-31-2021